NOUN CLASS IN MAKONDE LANGUAGE

UNIVERSITY OF ARUSHA SCHOOL OF EDUCATION LANGUAGE DEPERTMENT COURSE TITTLE: BANTU LANGUAGES STRUCTURE COURSE CODE: ENSE122 PRESENTED TO: MASIJA M. PRESENTED BY: MASOUD O. ISSA ID: 201320484 Question: Analyse noun class in your language.(makonde) DUEDATE: 25TH MAY 2016 THE NOUN CLASS IN MAKONDE LANGUAGE Noun classes and noun-class pairing As elsewhere in Bantu, nouns typically consist of a nominal prefix and a stem. In Plateau Shimakonde, nouns are formed in 18 different classes defined by the form of the nominal prefixes and the agreement patterns which these motivate (see section 6.2). T1.1 shows the 18 Bantu classes represented in Plateau Shimakonde in their standard pairings. T1.1 Noun classes and noun prefixes (standard pairing) NC NP 1 mu- muúnu 'person' mu#nu NP1#NST 1A ø- úumu 'king' ø#umu NP1A#NST 1B a- átááta 'father' a#tata NP1A#NST 2 va- vaánu 'people' va#nu NP2#NST 3 mu- nnáandi 'tree' mu#landi NP3#NST 4 mi- míláandi 'trees' mi#landi NP4#NST 5 li- liíi 'egg' li#i NP5#NST 6 ma- maái 'eggs' ma#i NP6#NST 7 shi- shítáali 'iron' shi#tali NP7#NST 8 vi- vítáali 'irons' vi#tali NP8#NST 9 iN- ing’aânde 'house' iN#ng’ande NP9#NST 9A i- ikiíti 'chair' i#kiti NP9A#NST 9B ø- kandambaáli '(pair of) sandals' ø#kandambali NP9B#NST 10 diN- ding’aânde 'houses' diN#ng’ande NP10#NST 10A di- dikiíti 'chairs' di#kiti NP10A#NST di- dikandambaáli '(pairs of) sandals' di#kandambali NP10A#NST 11 lu- lúkúúni 'piece of firewood' lu#kuni NP11#NST 10 diN- díng’úúni 'firewood' diN#kuni NP10#NST 12 ka- kapuûla 'little knife' ka#pula NP12#NST 13 tu- tupuûla 'large knife' tu#pula NP13/NST 14 u- upaânga 'machete' u#panga NP14#NST 6 ma- mapaânga 'machetes' ma#panga NP6#NST 15 ku- kújúúgwa 'a/to request' ku#jugwa NP15#VST 16 pa- pakaâja 'at home' pa#kaja LOC16#NST 17 ku- kukaâja 'to/from/at home' ku#kaja LOC17#NST 18 mu- nkaâja 'in the settlement' mu#kaja LOC18#N Agreement T1.2 lists the six sets of class concords which we find in Plateau Shimakonde. These comprise subject and object prefixes in verbs as well as adjective, enumerative, demonstrative and possessive concords (AC, EC, DC and PC respectively). Note that we only list the 'full' forms of noun prefixes in the table because nouns with 'reduced' prefixes (that is, in classes 1A/B, 9A/B and 10A) show the same patterns of agreement. T1.2 Class concords in Plateau Shimakonde. NC (example) NP SP OP AC EC DC PC 1 (muúnu) mu A Mu mu ju ju (g)u 2 (vaánu) va Va Va va va va va 3 (nnáandi) mu U -- u u u u 4 (míláandi) mi Vi -- mi ~vi mi vi vi 5 (liíí) li Li -- li li li li 6 (maáí) ma la ~ a -- ma ma la ~ a la ~ a 7 (shítáali) shi Shi -- shi shi shi shi 8 (vítáali) vi Vi -- vi vi vi vi 9 (ing’aânde) iN I -- iN / I i i i 10 (ding’aânde) diN Di -- diN / di N di Di 11 (lúkúúni) lu Lu -- lu lu lu Lu 12 (kapuûla) ka Ka -- ka ka ka Ka 13 (tupuûla) tu Tu -- tu tu tu Tu 14 (upaânga) u U -- u u u U 15 (kújúúgwa) ku Ku -- ku ku ku Ku 16 (pakaâja) pa Pa -- pa pa pa Pa 17 (kukaâja) ku Ku -- ku ku ku Ku 18 (nkaâja) mu Mu -- mu Mu mu Mu Subject prefixes (SP) T1.3 shows the subject prefixes for each class with the deficient verb stem -pali (meaning that something 'is present, exists or is well', see 5.6.1). T1.3 Subject prefixes by class NC (example) NP SP SP#pali 1 (muúnu) mu a Ápáali 2 (vaánu) va va Vápáali 3 (nnáandi) mu u Úpáali 4 (míláandi) mi vi Vípáali 5 (liíí) li li Lípáali 6 (maáí) ma La~a lápáali ~apali 7 (shítáali) shi shi Shípáali 8 (vítáali) vi vi Vípáali 9 (iaânde) iN i Ípáali 10 (diaânde) diN di Dípáali 11 (lúkúúni) lu lu Lúpáali 12 (kapuûla) ka ka Kápáali 13 (tupuûla) tu tu Túpáali 14 (upaânga) u u Úpáali 15 (kújúúgwa) ku ku Kúpáali 16 (pakaâja) pa pa Pápáali 17 (kukaâja) ku ku Kúpáali 18 (nkaâja) mu mu Múpáali Object prefixes (OP) An object prefix in verbs is required for nouns in classes 1 and 2 as well as for animate nouns in other classes which take their agreement in classes 1 and 2 (see section 6.3). Note that object prefixes are required for non-animates in classes 1 and 2 in the same way as for animates. In the following examples, the game of 'tassel/s' (formed in classes 1A/2) requires an object prefix when it is the object of the verb 'they are playing...'. The game of 'football/s' (formed in classes 3/4) by comparison does not require an object prefix. 132 T1.4 Object prefixes in classes 1 and 2 NC NP OP 1A Ø mu vankúnjalaánga nangatoômwa va-nku#mu jalanga 'they are playing tassel' SP-PPG#OP-VST 2 Va va vankuvájalaánga vánángátóomwa va-nku#va-jalanga 'they are playing tassels' SP-PPG#OP-VST 3 Mu - vankujáláánga mpiila va-nku#jalanga 'they are playing football' SP-PPG#VST 4 Mi - vankujáláánga mipiila va-nku#jalanga 'they are playing footballs' SP-PPG#VST Adjective concords (AC) Following Manus 2003, we distinguish 'adjectives' like nkumeêne 'important' fr. mu#kumene AC1#ADJ from 'nominal determinants' like wámboône 'good' fr. wa#mbone CX1#ND. We describe the structure of nominal determinants in section 6.2.6. At this point, note that nominal determinants show agreement with a different set of concords from the adjectives which we describe in this section.133 Following the distinction between adjectives and nominal determinants indicated above, there are just six adjectives (strictly stated) in Plateau Shimakonde. These are listed in T1.5. 132 'Tassel/s' is the name by which we refer to the game played by children in which they make a humming instrument out of string and the tassels of maize cobs. As with 'football', it may be referred to in the singular or plural. 133 Odden 2003:537 describes qualifiers like w-ámboône 'good (class 1)' as 'long-form adjectives' in contrast to 'short-form adjectives' like n#kúmeene 'big (class 1)'. Note that we describe the structure of these stems differently from Odden (ibid.). In his description, these stems begin with the vowel /a/ as in w-ámboône cited above. In our description by comparison, we understand the vowel to be the associative marker a-. In our view this forms part of the prefix structure and is separate from the stem. We therefore identify the stem in wámboône as -mbone (see section 6.2.6). Despite these differences in approach, Odden also observes that what he describes as short-form adjectives show nominal agreement with a different set of concords from long-form adjectives (the set of forms which we describe in this section). Adjectives -kumene 'big; important; principal' -dikidiki 'small; unimportant' -ngwipi 'short' -mbii 'unripe; green; fresh; raw' -(n)guluguma 'round; whole; complete' -tandi 'first' The complete set of adjective concords are set out in T1.6 with -kumene and -dikidiki. In the table, note firstly that the adjective concords in classes 9 and 10 are either iN-/diN- with -kumene and i-/di- with -dikidiki. Note secondly that the locative concord mu- in class 18 does not reduce to a nasal prefix prior to a consonant-initial stem (although the locative prefix does do so, see the examples listed in section . Adjective concords by class NC (example) NP AC AC-kumene AC-dikidiki 1 (muúnu) mu mu nkúmeêne ndíkídiîki míkúmeêne 2 (vaánu) va va vákúmeêne vádíkídiîki~ vi136 3 (nnáandi) mu u úkúmeêne údíkídiîki~ víkúmeêne 4 (míláandi) mi mi ~ vídíkídiîki 5 (liíi) li li líkúmeêne lídíkídiîki 6 (maái) ma ma mákúmeêne mádíkídiîki 7 (shítáali) shi shi shíkúmeêne shídíkídiîki 8 (vítáali) vi vi víkúmeêne vídíkídiîki References Kiparsky, P. 1982. Lexical Morphology and Phonology, in I.S. Yang (ed.), Linguistics in the Morning Calm, 3-91. Hanshin: Seoul. Kiparsky, P. 1993. Blocking in Nonderived Environments. In S. Hargus and E. Kaisse (eds.), Studies in Lexical Phonology, Academic Press: San Diego. pp. 277–313. Kiparsky, P. 2000. Opacity and Cyclicity. The Linguistic Review 17, 351–367. Labov, W. 1994. 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